Cost-eff ectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose inactivated infl uenza vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older: an economic evaluation of data from a randomised controlled trial
Methods: The FIM12 study was a head-to-head randomised controlled trial in which 31 989 participants aged 65 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either high-dose or standard-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine over two influenza seasons (2011–12 and 2012–13). Data for health-care resource consumption obtained in theFIM12 study were summarized across vaccine groups. Unit costs obtained from standard US cost sources were applied to each resource item, including to the vaccines (high dose US$31·82, standard dose $12·04). Clinical illness data were mapped to existing quality-of-life data. The time horizon was one influenza season; however, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) lost due to death during the study were calculated over a lifetime. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for high-dose versus standard-dose vaccine and used QALYs as an outcome in the cost-utility analysis. We undertook a probabilistic sensitivity analysis using bootstrapping to explore the effect of statistical uncertainty on the study results.
Findings: Mean per-participant medical costs were lower in the high-dose vaccine group ($1376·72 [SD 6857·59]) than in the standard-dose group ($1492·64 [7447·14]; difference –$115·92 [95% CI –264·18 to 35·48]). Mean societal costs were likewise lower in the high-dose versus the standard-dose group ($1506·48 [SD 7305·19] vs $1634·50 [7952·99]; difference –$128·02 [95% CI –286·89 to 33·30]). Hospital admissions contributed 95% of the total health-care-payer cost and 87% of the total societal costs. The mean per-participant number of hospital admissions was 0·0937 (SD 0·3644) in the high-dose group and 0·1017 (0·3708) in the standard-dose group (difference –0·0080, 95% CI –0·0160 to –0·0003). The high-dose vaccine provided a gain in QALYs (mean 8·1502 QALYs gained per participant [SD 0·5693]) compared with the standard-dose vaccine (8·1499 QALYs [0·5697]) and, due to cost savings, dominated standard-dose vaccine in the cost-utility analysis. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that the high-dose vaccine is 93% likely to be cost saving.
Interpretation: High-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine is a less costly and more effective alternative to the standard-dose vaccine, driven by a reduction in the number of hospital admissions. These findings are relevant to US health-care beneficiaries, providers, payers, and recommending bodies, especially those seeking to improve outcomes while containing costs.